Apple Marketing Director :: Product Development

Apple A-Life My role as a marketing director for apple is to research the market, and find out a niche to produce a new product, that will hopefully sell, and create profit. My theory of a product is that; it is an object that can be sold or bought, that might satisfy a want or a need. The product that I have in mind is an mp3 player. Apple already have a wide range of mp3s. From a 60gb colour screen Ipod, to a 2gb Ipod shuffle with no screen. I have come up with another product to stop the sales going in to decline. I have taken ideas from the previous mp3 players, and added a bit of creation of my own and have come up with, ‘A-Life'. It is small like the Ipod Shuffle, and has a small screen like the Ipod Nano. The actual mp3 would be attached to a neckband. So you are wearing your mp3, and its not hanging loose in your pocket. I have chosen this product, because it is something I know about, and well like. With this, I hope it will give me a better view on how to market the product, based on what my peers and I like. It also is different from any other mp3 on the market, so in that way, I have found a niche. My theory of marketing objectives is that; your marketing objectives should be the means to achieve your sales objectives. My marketing objectives are to promote my product cleverly so that it gets out to my target market. To find out a reasonable price where the customers would be satisfied with, and where I would also make a profit. To find out where to sell my product, so the customers don't have any trouble getting hold of one. And also, to find out what other accessories the customers would like with the product, which would hopefully increase their satisfaction. I am including all of these marketing objectives to know what my product should be like, where to sell it, what price to set it at, and how to promote it. I need to have the best knowledge of these criteria's otherwise my product is not going to sell. Also I am doing it to ensure customer satisfaction. A good way to market your product is through the power of speech. This is Apple Marketing Director :: Product Development Apple A-Life My role as a marketing director for apple is to research the market, and find out a niche to produce a new product, that will hopefully sell, and create profit. My theory of a product is that; it is an object that can be sold or bought, that might satisfy a want or a need. The product that I have in mind is an mp3 player. Apple already have a wide range of mp3s. From a 60gb colour screen Ipod, to a 2gb Ipod shuffle with no screen. I have come up with another product to stop the sales going in to decline. I have taken ideas from the previous mp3 players, and added a bit of creation of my own and have come up with, ‘A-Life'. It is small like the Ipod Shuffle, and has a small screen like the Ipod Nano. The actual mp3 would be attached to a neckband. So you are wearing your mp3, and its not hanging loose in your pocket. I have chosen this product, because it is something I know about, and well like. With this, I hope it will give me a better view on how to market the product, based on what my peers and I like. It also is different from any other mp3 on the market, so in that way, I have found a niche. My theory of marketing objectives is that; your marketing objectives should be the means to achieve your sales objectives. My marketing objectives are to promote my product cleverly so that it gets out to my target market. To find out a reasonable price where the customers would be satisfied with, and where I would also make a profit. To find out where to sell my product, so the customers don't have any trouble getting hold of one. And also, to find out what other accessories the customers would like with the product, which would hopefully increase their satisfaction. I am including all of these marketing objectives to know what my product should be like, where to sell it, what price to set it at, and how to promote it. I need to have the best knowledge of these criteria's otherwise my product is not going to sell. Also I am doing it to ensure customer satisfaction. A good way to market your product is through the power of speech. This is

Kants Moral Thoery Essay

(1) Explain Kant’s moral theory. Explain and critique Kant’s response to â€Å"The Nazis Objection. † Immanuel Kant is one of the most respected and studied philosopher of all time and is known for his basic yet in-depth moral theories and the belief that morality stems not from divine command or cultural conditioning but from reasoning and human freedom. His straight forward beliefs come from his very strict Lutheran upbringing which consisted of universal rights and universal wrongs with no exceptions He believed his moral laws to be universal and applied to every being including God, spirits and extraterrestrials. His ethics made him a leading figure in deontology which judges people on their actions, not the consequences of their actions, as morally significant. And actions are only as good as their intent to be morally permissible. Kant introduced two commandments of reason, called imperatives, from which all obligations and duties arise. The first imperative is called a hypothetical imperative which Kant describes as, â€Å"the practical necessity of a possible action as means to another end†(Kant, p. 327). This means if you want â€Å"A† then you must do â€Å"B†, such as if you want people to think you a thief, then you shouldn’t steal. This imperative is dependent upon our wants and goals which are ultimately rooted in self interest. The second imperative, which Kant bases the majority of his moral theory on, is called a categorical imperative which has no â€Å"if† in it and is a concrete universal law. Kant defines this imperative as â€Å"an action that is objectively necessary in itself without reference to any purpose†(Kant, p. 327). The categorical imperative of the example listed above would simply be â€Å"don’t steal†, because it against moral law. These imperatives rule out all self interest and are very blunt to what is right. Kant’s moral laws are laws that apply to everyone and everything without question. All things that should be done are required by moral law and all things that should not be done are forbidden by moral law. The method of determining these moral laws can be derived by what Kant describes as the only real categorical imperative in which he tells people to â€Å"Act as if the maxim of your action were to become by your will, a universal law of nature(Kant, p. 328). This makes the reasoning of a moral obligation or action a very simple process. You must simply ask if your action can be made into a universal moral law and if it cannot then you must not do it. And if they answer is yes, then that means that the action can or should be performed by every being in the universe with no grey areas or exceptions to the rule. One example Kant uses is a man who is seriously depressed and debating with the thought of ending his own life. Kant describes his maxim as â€Å"from self-love I adopt it as a principle to shorten my life when its longer duration Is likely to spread more evil than satisfaction(Kant, p. 328). † Even though he may think he is doing a good thing for the world out of self-love, a universal law to destroy life could not exist. One major argument against Kant’s moral theory where a grey area is obviously present is whether or not it is okay to lie under the right circumstances. The main objection here is called the Nazi objection which asks that if you lived in Nazi Germany during the 1930’s and officers were at your door asking if you were harboring any Jews; would it then be morally permissible to lie because if you told the truth, the Jews would be killed? According to Kant’s moral theory you must tell the officers where you are hiding them, but after the Nazis go after the Jews, it then becomes your moral obligation to help the Jews from being killed which turns into a huge contradiction(Furman). If we listened to Kant in this situation, the owner of the house as well as the Jews would both be murdered and the moral right that you tried to accomplish would be wrong. Therefore, Kant’s theory is false and it is okay to lie as long as your reason is to preserve a higher duty such as the duty to preserve human life. While Kant’s moral theory does have a fantastic base for many ethical issues and moral issues, his theory runs into problems because of its absoluteness. Another example of this is the moral dilemma that would occur if you have made two separate commitments and are somehow only able to fulfill one of them because of unforeseen circumstances(Furman). Kant leaves no instruction on how to deal with this situation because you are breaking a promise when you fulfill one but not the other. The solution would be to use your intuition and reasoning and make a decision on the importance of each commitment. So although his theory does provide good rules to live by, it Is too restricted to become fully accepted.

My Reflection On My Parents Instilled - 1378 Words

My parents instilled in me the importance of reading since a very early age. We formed a nightly routine of reading every night before bed as soon as I started learning the basics of reading. I enjoyed every moment of this; it was my favorite part of the day. The first book I was able to read on my own was â€Å"One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish† by Dr. Seuss. The feeling of success I had after this accomplishment is as clear as day and I can still see myself as a five-year-old beaming with joy when I could finally read a book without assistance. In grade school, I was never the one who was passionate about reading. However, when it came time to write a story, I was excited and even wrote stories on my own. In third grade, my friends and I would write fictional stories during lunchtime and present them to our teacher after recess. I can still remember the sense of pride we felt when we saw the surprised and proud looks on our teacher’s face. It made us want t o write more and more. But years went on, and I still never formed a fondness for recreational reading. I’ve been assigned more than five books a year in the past; some would catch my interest, but never enough to pull me in as much as to read in my spare time. There were rare occasions when I was really pulled into a book that was assigned to me. To this day I do not know if that was because of the mere thought that I was not willingly reading the book, or just that I did not have the patience for it. AllShow MoreRelatedPolitical Socialization Is A Particular Type Of Political Learning915 Words   |  4 Pagessocio-economics status. My own political views were formed the same way as everybody else were. Through the first people I came to know, which were my parents. My parents taught me what the difference between a democrat and a republican were, what role the president plays in our government, and about our legislative branches which was based around their own views. When growing up my parents encouraged self-respect and individuality so, this taught me to think about things own my own and how I feltRead MoreFamily Systems Therapy925 Words   |  4 PagesAdler was the first psychologist of the modern era to do family therapy (Christensen, 2004). A basic assumption in Adlerian family therapy is that both parents and children often make habits in being repetitive, and having negative interactions based on goals that are unclear (Dreikurs, 1974). These negative interactions and patterns are a reflection of the way our society has changed in their family systems. In most cases the problems of any one family are common to all others in their social andRead MoreTheories And Techniques Of Family Counseling1307 Words   |  6 PagesMalky Fried September 20,2015 Professor Kivelevitz Theories and Techniques of Family Counseling Reflections on your Family of Origin It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons. -Johann Schiller Probably the strongest influence in our lives is the family we grew up in. Our birth order, the personalities of our parent(s), the way we were treated by our siblings, the socioeconomic status of the family, their education, the place we lived — allRead MoreEssay Personal Ethics Statement619 Words   |  3 PagesMy Personal Ethics Statement My personal ethics have been formed through family influence, religious beliefs, life experiences, my internal reflection and the culture in which I was raised. Family instilled a strong work ethic in me as a child. My parents never missed a day of work. I was taught that if you want something, you must work for it. According to my ethical lens inventory, this supports my classical value of temperance. I seek to satisfy my duties. My strong desire to succeedRead MoreThe Gifts That I Have Been Granted Can Benefit the World: A Personal Statement811 Words   |  3 Pagesthem. Although I have made some errors in my life, as have most people, I can honestly state that I have tried to do the best thing in all circumstances and through my mistakes I have learned what it takes to be a decent and caring human being. The gifts that I can offer to the world are these: a loving and patient person, a great sense of humor, determination, love, the ability to be a great mother, and the greatest gift that I have given the world is my daughter who will go on to live her own journeyRead MoreI Am A First Generation Mexican American992 Words   |  4 Pa gesMexican-American that comes from humble beginnings and was instilled to work hard to achieve ones dreams. My parents are humble, earnest, and hardworking people that immigrated to the United States in search of a better tomorrow for themselves and for their loved ones back home. Coming to this country was not easy, for they faced many obstacles in getting here and then assimilating into a culture where they knew no one and did not know the language. My mother, a housekeeper at a Best Western Hotel, hasRead MoreHow Patience Can Be Considered An Act Of Kindness1470 Words   |  6 PagesWith the role models I have, my parents, I was taught a great number of things. One of them was how to be initially kind. In reflection of my life with them, their embodiment of kindness has guided me through my adolescent life and well into my adult life. Everything that I am, I have learned through watching my parents interact through the society around them. In the following section, I will discuss how patience can be considered an act of kindness, as well as omitting the facts to save a lovedRead MorePersonal Ethics Paper1160 Words   |  5 Pagesdecisions almost daily in my personal and professional lives. Some of these decisions are easily made while others does take some time with me reflecting and trying to see the impact it will have on those around me. My ethical beliefs are constantly being developed through training and the many experi ences that I encounter daily but essentially have never changed. I have had several influences that has influenced my beliefs, attitudes and concept of morality such my parents, grandparent, church, theRead MoreThe Success Of A School Environment758 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment is some fashion. I have been the student sitting behind the desk, the teacher in a classroom and that eager parent involved in my children’s school life. Each setting has been a ‘family’ in its own manner, with each member contributing to my growth and understanding of who I am and want to be as an educator and a ‘conscious leader’. My love of learning has instilled a curiosity asking those around me what they have come to know and why they know it. In asking, I have learned about vulnerabilityRead MoreReflective Essay : Reflective Self Portrait1232 Words   |  5 Pagespaper will allow me to reflect on three of my main core values and how they came to be incorporated in to my life through basic self-reflection of past events and discussions with influential people. My core values include: family, compassion, and integrity. Growing up as a child I have always been taught by my parents to act in a certain manner. I never realized how important their advice was until I experienced an incident during my adolescent years. Some of my past experiences have made me realize how

Benefits Of A Nursing Career - 1267 Words

There are many advantages to having a nursing career. Nursing offers the wonderful advantage of job security, because there is a high demand for nurses in the healthcare field. Another advantage of nursing is the excellent wages and benefits. Nurses can expect to receive a great salary for the amount of work that is performed. Also, another great advantage in nursing is that the job opportunities are endless. There is plenty of flexibility and many specialties in the nursing field, a nurse will be able to choose a job that is just right for themselves. Finally, another advantage in a nursing career is the ability to travel while earning a salary and having the opportunity to help others. There are many advantages to the rewarding career†¦show more content†¦Nurses will also be needed to educate and care for patients with various chronic conditions such as arthritis, dementia, diabetes, and obesity(â€Å"Registered Nurses Occupational Outlook Handbook† 1). Choosing a n ursing career where your skills are always in demand gives you great job security, The U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics proves this by saying â€Å"Employment of registered nurses is projected to grow in sixteen percent from 2014 to 2024, much faster than the average for all occupations†(â€Å"Registered Nurses: Occupational Outlook Handbook† 1). Therefore, having job security is a wonderful advantage to the career choice of nursing. Another advantage of nursing is the excellent wages and benefits. Nurses can expect a competitive salary, Pacific College agrees â€Å"This is one of the most important factors in any job decision and the fact is that registered nurses in the US do very well. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that the median pay of nurses in 2010 was $64,690 or $31.10 an hour†(5 Benefits of Becoming a Registered Nurse† 1). Additionally, nurses can make a great salary because most are paid hourly, so they will be able to receive overtim e. Nurses can also make more money based on their experience and qualifications. Nurse Career Tips proves these claims by stating â€Å"Registered nurses earn aShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of A Career Path For Nursing1862 Words   |  8 Pageswages.† Other reasons why there is a decline in nursing is the different job options and the required schooling time (Howard, Berliner, Ginzberg, 2002). This research paper will take a closer look at the required schooling time for nurse midwives and the work environment it is associated with. Based on prior requirements at least one year of midwifery experience is required for entry and two to five years experience for employer some key skills of career requires critical thinking, communication andRead MoreRegistered Nursing Program Is An Exceptional Choice For Your Future949 Words   |  4 PagesRegistered Nursing Program Did you know in 2010 there were 2.8 million registered nurses in the nursing workforce? The growth in the nursing workforce surpassed growth in the U.S. population. Job security, health benefits, perseverance and self-worth make choosing the registered nursing program an excellent choice for your future. To begin, going to school to be a registered nurse is an exceptional choice. The demand for nurses is high and only keeps growing every day. There will always be a needRead MoreWhy Nursing Is A Great Career Choice1608 Words   |  7 PagesWhy nursing is a great career choice As a college student awaiting to graduate and start my career, the nursing field I find is one of the best career choices to choose from. Nursing is known to be a main consideration to young people today when entering the medical field. Nursing has a wide variety of options and different positions for anyone. Nursing is sometimes looked at as an unimportant job, or just a person who helps the doctors above them. In fact nursing has an abundance of definitionsRead MoreBeing A Nurse Is An Exceptional Choice For A Student s Future960 Words   |  4 PagesOn My Way To Saving Lives Did you know in 2010 there were 2.8 million registered nurses in the nursing workforce (The U.S Nursing Workforce)? The growth in the nursing workforce surpassed growth in the U.S. population. Job security, health benefits, perseverance and self-worth make choosing the registered nursing program an excellent choice for a student’s future. To begin, going to school to be a registered nurse is an exceptional choice. The demand for nurses is high and only keeps growing everyRead MoreExpanded Nursing Career: Roles, Requirements and Scope823 Words   |  3 Pageshalf of the 20th century, nursing saw lots of advancement in nursing theories and practice. Whole new careers of research, counselling changed the way traditional nursing practice. This gave nurses more confidence in having more specific role. These developments rejuvenated nursing by the introduction expanded nursing careers. These careers have an immense potential to contribute to the health care system. They allow more scope and liberty of clinical practice in nursing. It gives nurse an opportunityRead MoreWhy Nursing Is An Early Career Choice1614 Words   |  7 Pagesinterchangeably to describe an early career choice, something a person has always ‘wanted to be’, a desire to work with people, to make a difference, and help others. Work-related m otives, e.g. financial reasons, job security, diversity in the job, and being part of a team, were also identified as important (Rudman 1). People all over the world have started to consider nursing as a career. With the high demand coming up from baby-boomer nurses retiring nursing has taken a high interest in a largeRead MoreEssay on My Motivation To Continue In Nursing 1434 Words   |  6 Pagespleasure of working in the nursing profession for fifteen years. Throughout those fifteen years and currently this author continues to have a deep desire and compassion to continue and grow my career in the field of nursing. This paper examines the reasons that motivate this author to continue my career in the nursing the profession, frustrations encountered along the way, and the importance of obtaining additional education such as a Bachelors of Science in Nursing. Nursing Career This author graduatedRead MoreRegistered Nurse: An Indispensable Profession Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages Ever since I was young, the most eye-catching career that caught my attention was nursing. I had always been interested in their ability to take care of patients in the hospitals and help those in need. Although I do not have any family influence during my youth, I was determined that this career was going to be my goal for a good profession as an adult. I wanted to provide support, care, and comfort to people who are not availed with advanced medical technologies, such as those in my homeRead MoreMany High School Students Begin To Wonder What Life After1650 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch and a variety of job shadows I know that it can be scary to pick a career or job that one most likely will be doing for years to come. Some of the questions that need to be asked are what am I interested in, what is my passion, what subject am I good at? Many nurses love to work with people and want to make their lives better, their passion is people, and are interested in science and mat h. Nursing is a career that is desperately looking for highly qualified individuals who want to makeRead MoreThe Career Of A Registered Nurse1452 Words   |  6 Pageswill assist her in living comfortably, providing for her family, and will be something she will enjoy doing. The career of a Registered Nurse is a challenging and important career, because of the importance one holds within a community. The research will describe the career of a Registered Nurse, what is required to become a successful, and the impact this career has on society. The career of a Registered Nurse has changed since the beginning in 1905. Before the year of 1905 Nurses weren’t required

Venezuela Essay - 800 Words

Once possessing the potential to become a powerful state, the Venezuela state’s capacity today is very low. According to Thomas Carothers, transitional countries are in a transition zone between authoritarianism and democracies. That is, democratic characteristics are present, but they are not being put into practice effectively. Venezuela is clearly a hybrid regime with authoritarian characteristics and a few features that are called democratic. Because of this, Venezuela suffers from extremely high crime rates and violence, unlawful intervention by the national guard, and impunity of the drug trade. The Venezuelan NGO Observatory of Violence (OVV) listed Caracas as the most violent city in the world in 2016, and Venezuela as the second†¦show more content†¦The roots of clientelism in Venezuela date back to the discovery of oil in Venezuelan land at the outset of the 20th century which marked the beginning of â€Å"rentist [rentier] capitalism.† Pertaining to Venezuela specifically, this practice relies on redistributive social policies and programs facilitated by the huge income and wealth from the exploitation and export of oil. In fact, rentist capitalism can be considered a modern form of â€Å"caudillismo.† It is an asymmetric form of power relations where the â€Å"clients† give their votes to political parties in exchange for â€Å"favours.† Another form of Venezuelan clientelism includes the aforementioned missions. What is more, the funding for these missions is derived from the profits generated by PDVSA, the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company. National socioeconomic development is one of the most pressing issues in Venezuela today. As reported by the World Bank, there are many factors to consider in order to explain this stagnation: The collapse in international oil prices and ineffective macro and microeconomic policies has lead to Venezuela’s reliance on the hydrocarbon sector (oil now accounts of 96 per cent of exports). Venezuela also faces major stagflation. Price controls, limitations on access to foreign currency, and the collapse of the private sector in the provision of basic goods have led to one of the world’s highest inflation rates. As aShow MoreRelatedVenezuela Oil Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesextremely thick and must be mixed with lighter oil to make it less heavy and, thus, easier to export. In order to transport oil, Venezuela must purchase massive boats. Many of these boats in Venezuela are purchased from Russia and Iran. They also have purchased shipyards from Portugal to house these boats. Many of these supplies for oil export are purchased with loans, thus Venezuela is massively indebted to these countries. PDVSA has even reported that it missed a $404-million dollar payment to Russia inRead MoreEssay on Child Labor in Venezuela1505 Words   |  7 PagesBolivian Republic of Venezuela is a county in South America. It was one of the countries that emerged from collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (Baguley and Winter 15). Hugo Chavez is the president since 1999. He was democratically elected president in 1998, after the approval of the new constitution in 1999, which is the highest law of the land (Baguley and Winter 12). Venezuela is subdivided into 23 states, a Capital District correspondent in the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies (BaguleyRead MoreHugo Chavez and Venezuela Essay1210 Words   |  5 PagesVenezuela’s political prospects changed in 1999 when Hugo Chavez became president. Starting his presidency, Chavez created a new constitution for Venezuela, and the country’s name was changed to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Since then, the country had a total change as it underwent a system of socialism, as the oil company and many other private businesses were nationalized. In this socialist system, revenues generated from the oil industry were invested in social programs to helpRead MoreEssay on Child Labor in Venezuela1008 Words   |  5 PagesBolivian Republic of Venezuela is a country in South America. It was one of the countries that emerged from collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (Source B). Hugo Chavez is the president since 1999. He was democratically elected president in 1998, after the approval of the new constitution in 1999, which is the highest law of the land. Venezuela is subdivided into 23 states, a Capital District correspondent in the city of Caracas, and the Federal Dependencies. The country is also divided into ten administrativeRead MoreEssay on The Rise of Simà ³n Bolà ­var to Power in Venezuela546 Words   |  3 PagesJuly 24, 1783 in Caracas, Venezuela. He was born into a wealthy family, who took their money from rich gold and copper mines they owned in Venezuela. At the age of three Simà ³n Bolà ­vars father died, then six years later his mother died. After the death of his parents, he mov ed to Spain in 1799 where he continued his education and married a daughter of a nobleman, Marà ­a Teresa Rodrà ­guez del Toro y Alaysa in 1803, who later died of yellow fever during a visit to Venezuela. When Joseph Bonaparte wasRead MoreWhat’s Venezuela Crisis Really About? Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesVenezuela is a country located on the northern coast of South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, Brazil and Colombia. Venezuela is a country full of beauties and contrasts where people can find beautiful beaches, plains, mountains, and even the majestic highest waterfall of the world (Angel Falls). Also, oil rich nation, one of the upper 10 exporting countries worldwide. During more than four decades, this country lived in full democracy until 1999, when a former military officer, who was involvedRead More The Role of President Hugo Chavez in Venezuela Essays4884 Words   |  20 PagesThe Role of President Hugo Chavez in Venezuela Introduction Venezuela is a late bloomer in regard to having complete independence and in terms of running its own democratic government. Right now, the Venezuelan people are in the midst of the same debate that has historically plagued countries all over the world; the country is torn between class lines and is another classic example of the haves versus the have-nots. Caracas is the capital and the Andes region is home to two-thirds of theRead MoreEssay about Hugo Chavez and the Death of Democracy in Venezuela2365 Words   |  10 Pages Venezuela, located in the Latin American region, is a country that has been characterized by its abundance of oil reserve. A natural resource that has shaped the history and development of the country, affecting its economic, social and most important is political spheres. For many years Venezuela was controlled by authoritarian regimes. The country, being very important in the sense of geo-politics due to its abundance of oil, has been a key player in the i nternational arena and most importantRead MoreVenezuelas Views On Venezuela1128 Words   |  5 PagesOne choice is Venezuela, Venezuela appear to be a county that is filled with people who hold storing and are proud of their county and their heritage. This essay on Venezuela will be inclusive of, customs, taboos, superstitions, values, language, education, religion, traditions, holidays, and ways of celebrate LOCATION, SIZE, AND EXTENT Venezuela, located on the northern coast of South America. â€Å"Venezuela is slightly more than twice the size of the state of California. â€Å"Venezuela claims more thanRead MoreEssay on Chavez: Weakening Democracy1567 Words   |  7 Pagesdemocracy is government by the people also is a government in which supreme power is invested by the people and it is exercised by the people directly or indirectly through a representational system in which periodically held free elections. Venezuela as well as other countries in Latin America has undergone constant changes in their democracy, produced by their rulers. The primary function of the government is to ensure the safety of the state, its territory and its inhabitants. Also their objective

History of Relational Database Free Essays

Hao-Wei He Wilmington University October 9, 2010 Abstract Database system have been inseparable with our daily life, since IBM developed the hierarchical database management system in 1969, database system has been innovated many times, such as hierarchical database, network database, relational database, and object-oriented database. Nowadays, relational database still is the most popular model used by different industries; this article is going to introduce the history of the relational database.History of Relational Database Data, which can be defined as an entity of meaning, it is the original material to construct message and knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Relational Database or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thanks to the assistance of computer, data processing practices reached several important milestones. The earliest way to store data are done through manual file management, all documents will be filed and then store, but this method had many processing restrict, such as search, storage takes up a lot of space, and cannot be access by people at the same time. After IBM announced the first set of hard disk drive for data storage in 1956, due to the innovate development of hard drive, and the access speed much faster than magnetic tape, it replaced the tape drive gradually, and then direct access file system developed. Although direct access file system could access each files directly and improved a lot of missing, but since the objects are files, it still lack of flexibility of processing. Database can be considered to automatically query and modify data sets.There are a variety of database types; from the simplest store all kinds of information forms to large-scale database systems that able to process a variety of mass data storage, are widely used in all inspects of applications. The advantages of database management system: * Reduced redundancy * Integrated data * Integrity * Data commonality * Protect data safety and privacy The disadvantages of database management system: * Overall operating cost will increase * More complex to use Need to backup regularly, or unexpected conditions will cause serious data damage * Hard to training database administrator * Difficult to integrate or manage different format from multi systems Therefore, there was an idea about divide files into a sum of record, and store it as an unit in the computer, it also formed the â€Å"Centralized Database System†, it can record a record through hard disk drive, and can directly navigate to the record or fields for further data processing and computing.This concept also derived to the following data types: * Hierarchical Data Model (1960s) Use record as a processing unit, and organize record by tree structure. As a result of the characteristic of tree structure, hierarchical data model particularly suitable for describe â€Å"One to Many† data composition relationship but â€Å"Many to Many† relationship. * Network Data Model (1970s)As a result of the tree structure does not reflect network connection relationship between data and data, so after hierarchical data model, some groups proposed â€Å"Network Data Model†, organize records by network structure. However, records in both Hierarchical data model and network data model use link to strung together, so when programming applications must accommodate the structure status between links, a lot of dependencies between programming applications and data structure, and the independence of data is hard to reach, cause the system difficult to maintain. Relational Data Model (1970 ~ present) Edgar Codd, a British computer scientist, proposed â€Å"Relational Data Model in 1970, emphasize the applications should not have any dependencies with internal structure of data, it also known as â€Å"Data Independence†, this data model lead the development of the database system entered a new milestone. In relational data model, data use record as a processing unit, and organize record in tabular form.The applications just face to the tabular structure, without to understanding the internal structure of the data. Conclusion Relational Database Management System (Relational DBMS) is the most widely used database management system in recent years, the mainly reason is the concept of relational data models is simple, and the basic theory was developed very completely. Since Relational Database management System be proposed in 1970, almost all the commercial database management systems are based on this model. We often hear of the data table, is a relational database foundation.References Yung-Fang Chen, Relational Database management system lecture, Retrieved from http://allen. chen. name/teachdata. htm Jeffrey H. , Mary P. , amp; Heikki T. (2009). Modern Database Management 9th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Shou-Jeng Tseng. Review Database System and Future Research Develop. Taiwan, Retrieved from http://www. iicm. org. tw/communication/c1_1/page02. html. How to cite History of Relational Database, Papers

A Comaprison of Freud and Fromm Essay Example For Students

A Comaprison of Freud and Fromm Essay Sigmund Freud was born in Monrovia on May 6,1856. He entered the University of Vienna in 1873 at the age of 17. He finished his degree in 1881. Freud died in England in 1939. He was an active therapist, theorist and writer to the very end. ( Ewen 19-20) Erich Fromm was born four years after Freud in 1900 in Frankfurt, Germany. Unlike Freud, Fromm had no medical training in his background. He received his PHD from the University of Heidelberg and later studied at Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Erich Fromm died March 16, 1980 in Switzerland. (Ewen 187) While Freud and Fromm were contemporaries and shared some basic beliefs, their approach to most issues varied greatly. Freuds attitude was purely scientific. Fromm desired to humanize things. Fromm accepted the importance of unconscious, biological drives, repression and defense mechanisms, but rejected Freuds theory of id, ego and superego. Fromm did not believe in specific developmental stages. He believed that the growing child slowly learns to distinguish between I and not I, through contact with the environment, notably those involving the parents. Ewen 194) Fromm contends that personality development continues into adulthood. He believes that if a child keeps up with the increasing feelings of isolation, that anxiety can be kept to a minimal and personality development proceeds normally. Freuds well-known theory is that the personality is determined during the first five years of life. He believes we proceed through a series of psychosexual stages: oral, anal, urethral, phallic, a latency period and genital. Freud contends that the genital stage is the goal of normal development and that it represents true maturity. Hansen 25-26) Fromm warns against pathogenic behavior because it can damage the childs sense of reliance. He believed healthy personality is illustrated by biophilia, love, creativity and reason. ( Ewen 195-196) These characteristics compromise the productive frame of orientation. The nonproductive frames include narcissism, necrophilia, dependence, compulsive strivings for power or wealth and the mechanisms of escape. Fromm had four other nonproductive orientations that he devoted a great deal of attention to. These were receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. Three of these orientations can be loosely compared to Freuds oral-dependent, oral-sadistic and anal character without the sexual implications. Freud and Fromm both believed that dreams are the royal road to the unconscious. ( Ewen 198) Fromm agreed with Freud that dreams could serve the purpose of wish fulfillment, that the days events set them off, and that a person may conceal truths in different ways. While both men believed in dream symbols, Freud believed most dreams involved childhood sexual impulses and Fromm regarded many symbols as asexual. Fromm believed that dreams could have obvious and undisguised meanings that did not have to involve childhood conflicts. To understand Fromms approach to clinical diagnosis, his theory of character must first be understood. His theory of character development was that humans are distinguished from other animals by a larger neocortex with fewer instincts. Character shapes human instinct. Human survival is not merely a matter of physical survival, humans are social animals who must relate to others, and they are spiritual animals who must infuse their lives with meaning in order to function. Humans require a sense of hope to keep from turning off. They also require caring adults in the early years to be teachers that teach them to control their fears and passions and live in harmony with others. Religion both sacred and secular can give meaning to life and give a sense of identity and rootness. Fromm accepted Freuds definition of mental health saying that it is the capacity for love and productive work. Fromm also agreed with Freud in saying that psychopathology represents a difference in degree, rather than in kind. Fromm states that besides pathogenic behaviors that neurosis is often caused by the culture in which one lives. MGT 515 - INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS LAW EssayEwen 60) He hated religious ideas such as life continues after death and that all good is rewarded and all evil punished, that the difficulties of life serve a higher purpose so there is no reason to despair. Freud believed religion to be a collective neurosis started at a very early stage of development. People are indoctrinated with religion during childhood, before reason sets in, so they become dependent on its effects. Freud recommended children be brought up without religion so they would learn to rely on themselves. He thought people should not look to an ideal happiness in the hereafter, but face the reality and burdens of life in the present. Freud has many attacks against him, but despite these attacks he has contributed greatly to the field of psychology and psychiatry. A lot of other personality theorists have used Freuds psychoanalytic theory for the foundation of their very own work. Freud was a brilliant man, but he had a lack of tolerance for other ideas and modern innovations and placed an overemphasis on sexuality, drive reduction, and the biological determinants of personality. His contributions included the importance of unconscious, dream interpretation, psychoanalytic therapy and much more. Fromm is noted for his work in dream interpretation and totalitarianism. His works have been praised as landmarks in psychological, political, and philosophical thought. He provided us with theory and methods to understand health and illness as concepts that do not refer to the individual alone, but also the relationship of the individual to others and to social institutions. On the other hand Fromms recommendations for social reform have proved to be very controversial. He proposed radical social changes that would be hard to implement. Many observers called his ideas unscientific and excessive. I personally do not agree with a lot of Freuds Theory, however I do give credit to him for bringing important information to the field of psychology. I believe he was an extremely smart man and has laid grounds for many to follow. Some of the things I do agree with are psychoanalytic therapy, the importance of the unconscious, defense mechanisms, and that neurosis can be caused in childhood, not necessarily with sexual implications or that it is always caused in childhood. As far as Fromm I do not believe that he is as well known or that his theory is as important as a lot of the other theorist. I agree with Fromm in that our parents and our environment have a lot to do with our behaviors or causes of neurosis. I do not believe however that that is the only determinant. I believe that it is social and biological factors that we are shaped by. I did not like the fact that Fromm left so many doors open and was very vague. Although I do not agree too much with Freud he did make huge contributions and had a more thorough theory than did Fromm.